Antioxidant Constituents and Activities of the Pulp with Skin of Korean Tomato Cultivars.

Tomato is a widely distributed, cultivated, and commercialized vegetable crop. It contains antioxidant constituents including lycopene, tocopherols, vitamin C, γ-aminobutyric acid, phenols, and flavonoids. This study determined the contents of the antioxidant components and activities of the pulp with skin of ten regular, six medium-sized, and two small cherry tomato cultivars at red ripe (BR + 10) stage cultivated in Korea. The relationships among the Hunter color coordinates, the content of each component, and antioxidant activities were measured by Pearson's correlation coefficients. As the a* value increased, the carotenoid and vitamin C contents increased, while the L* value, hue angle and tocopherol content decreased. As the b* value increased, the lycopene and total carotenoid contents decreased, and the flavonoid content in the hydrophilic extracts increased. The contents of vitamin C and total carotenoids including lycopene showed high positive correlations with the DPPH radical scavenging activities of both the lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts. Tocopherols and total phenolics in the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts were not major positive contributors to the antioxidant activity. These findings suggest the quality standards for consumer requirements and inputs for on-going research for the development of better breeds.

Anatomical and Chemical Characterization of Ulmus Species from South Korea.

Ulmus species (Ulmaceae) are large deciduous trees distributed throughout Korea. Although their root and stem bark have been used to treat gastrointestinal diseases and wounds in folk medicine, commercial products are consumed without any standardization. Therefore, we examined anatomical and chemical differences among five Ulmus species in South Korea. Transverse sections of leaf, stem, and root barks were examined under a microscope to elucidate anatomical differences. Stem and root bark exhibited characteristic medullary ray and secretary canal size. Leaf surface, petiole, and midrib exhibited characteristic inner morphologies including stomatal size, parenchyma, and epidermal cell diameter, as well as ratio of vascular bundle thickness to diameter among the samples. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis of anatomical data efficiently differentiated the five species. To evaluate chemical differences among the five species, we quantified (-)-catechin, (-)-catechin-7-O-ß-D-apiofuranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-ß-D-xylopyranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, and (-)-catechin-5-O-ß-D-apiofuranoside using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector. (-)-Catechin-7-O-ß-D-apiofuranoside content was the highest among all compounds in all species, and (-)-catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside content was characteristically the highest in Ulmus parvifolia among the five species. Overall, the Ulmus species tested was able to be clearly distinguished on the basis of anatomy and chemical composition, which may be used as scientific criteria for appropriate identification and standard establishment for commercialization of these species.

Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans in Plant Parts and Fermented Beverages of Schisandra chinensis.

The fruit of Schisandra chinensis, Omija, is a well-known traditional medicine used as an anti-tussive and anti-diarrhea agent, with various biological activities derived from the dibenzocyclooctadiene-type lignans. A high-pressure liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method was used to determine seven lignans (schisandrol A and B, tigloylgomisin H, angeloylgomisin H, schisandrin A, B, and C) in the different plant parts and beverages of the fruit of S. chinensis grown in Korea. The contents of these lignans in the plant parts descended in the following order: seeds, flowers, leaves, pulp, and stems. The total lignan content in Omija beverages fermented with white sugar for 12 months increased by 2.6-fold. Omija was fermented for 12 months with white sugar, brown sugar, and oligosaccharide/white sugar (1:1, w/w). The total lignan content in Omija fermented with oligosaccharide/white sugar was approximately 1.2- and 1.7-fold higher than those fermented with white sugar and brown sugar, respectively. A drink prepared by immersion of the fruit in alcohol had a higher total lignan content than these fermented beverages. This is the first report documenting the quantitative changes in dibenzocyclooctadiene-type lignans over a fermentation period and the effects of the fermentable sugars on this eco-friendly fermentation process.

Juxtapapillary Deep-Layer Microvasculature Dropout and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: We sought to characterize juxtapapillary (JP) and non-JP microvasculature dropout in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and to compare their rate of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: A total of 141 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma with ≥4 serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) images after initial OCT angiography for ≥2 years were included. Based on OCT angiography imaging, the 3 groups were matched by age and visual field mean deviation: JP group (parapapillary deep-layer microvasculature dropout in contact with the optic disc boundary, n = 47), non-JP group (dropout not reaching the optic disc boundary, n = 47), and no-dropout group (lacking the dropout, n = 47). The RNFL thinning rate was compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS: The rate of RNFL thinning tended to be fastest in the JP group followed by the non-JP group and no-dropout group in all areas except the temporal and nasal sectors. Post hoc analysis revealed that the JP group had significantly faster RNFL thinning than did the no-dropout group in the global area and the inferotemporal and inferonasal sectors (P < .05). When subgroup analysis was performed for subjects in which the main sector of dropout was the inferotemporal sector, the JP group had significantly faster RNFL thinning than the other 2 groups in the corresponding inferotemporal sector (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Eyes with JP microvasculature dropout showed faster RNFL thinning than eyes without dropout. These findings suggest that deep-layer microvasculature dropout, especially in contact with the optic disc boundary, is associated with rapid glaucoma progression.

One-year Results of Aflibercept Treatment for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy with Good Visual Acuity.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the one-year efficacy of intravitreal aflibercept injection in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20 / 40 or better. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study. The medical records of patients diagnosed with treatment-naïve PCV were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with an initial BCVA of 20 / 40 or better and who had undergone intravitreal aflibercept injection were included. Patients were treated with three consecutive monthly injections, followed by pro re nata regimen according to the clinician's discretion at variable interval visits. The proportions of eyes for which BCVA was maintained (≤ 0.2 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution change) or improved at 12 months were evaluated. The changes of BCVA, central subfield macular thickness (CSMT), pigment epithelial detachment, and subretinal fluid also were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 86 eyes were included. The mean number of injections for 12 months of treatment was 5.4 ± 1.7. BCVA was maintained or improved in 94.2% (81 / 86) of cases. Mean BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) had changed from the baseline (0.23 ± 0.09) at 3 months (0.21 ± 0.14), 6 months (0.24 ± 0.22), and 12 months (0.20 ± 0.18), but with no statistical significance. CSMT had improved significantly from the baseline (336.1 ± 97.3 µm) at 3 months (223.6 ± 47.22 µm), 6 months (239.6 ± 64.2 µm), and 12 months (223.8 ± 47.9 µm). Pigment epithelial detachment was observed in 93% of cases at the baseline, 72.1% at 3 months, and 69.8% at 12 months, showing a significant decrease at all observation points. Subretinal fluid was observed in 91.9% of cases at the baseline, 20.9% at 3 months, and 29.1% at 12 months, showing a significant decrease at all observation points. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of PCV with good visual acuity, intravitreal aflibercept injections decreased CSMT and were effective in maintaining visual acuity.

Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Intermittent Exotropia.

PURPOSE: To determine whether contrast sensitivity (CS) can represent photophobia in intermittent exotropia (IXT) by comparing the CS test with and without glare stimulus, and to analyze the factors of IXT affecting CS. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 107 patients with basic-type IXT. We compared CS under mesopic and photopic conditions, with and without glare. We compared the difference in CS before and after glare (ΔCS) between mesopic and photopic conditions, and compared CS with glare between patients with and without photophobia. The correlations between the clinical features of IXT and CS were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant reduction in CS at all spatial frequencies by glare stimulus. ΔCS was greater at high spatial frequencies under photopic conditions than under mesopic conditions. The group with subjective photophobia showed lower CS at 10.2 cpd under mesopic conditions with glare. CS showed a negative correlation with stereopsis under both mesopic and photopic conditions, and a positive correlation with fusional ability at low and intermediate spatial frequencies under mesopic conditions. ΔCS was smaller at intermediate spatial frequencies with better fusional ability, greater at high spatial frequencies with photophobia, and greater at intermediate spatial frequencies with a higher frequency of exotropia. CONCLUSIONS: The CS test could not represent photophobia in IXT. However, CS tended to decrease with glare stimulus, and CS under mesopic conditions with glare was worse when accompanied by photophobia. Moreover, a poorer degree of stereopsis was associated with lower CS, and better fusional ability was associated with higher CS under mesopic conditions. Therefore, the CS test can be considered helpful in evaluating sensory function in IXT.

Long-term Results of Slanted Recession of Bilateral Lateral Rectus Muscle for Intermittent Exotropia with Convergence Insufficiency.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of slanted lateral rectus recession in children for reducing distance and near exodeviation and near-distance deviation difference in intermittent exotropia with convergence insufficiency. METHODS: The medical records of 53 patients with convergence insufficiency intermittent exotropia who underwent slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession performed by a single surgeon and received follow-up for more than 12 months were retrospectively analyzed. Deviation angles at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively and on the last visit were reviewed. Surgical success was defined as postoperative residual distance and near deviation angles ≤8 prism diopters and a difference between the near and distance angles ≤8 prism diopters. RESULTS: The mean duration of follow-up was 24 months (range, 12 to 61 months). On the last visit, the residual deviation angles were ≤8 prism diopters in 75.5% for distance, 62.3% for near, and 81.1% for the near-distance difference. Surgical success was achieved in 31 (58.5%) patients, and none of them manifested limitations in eye movements or diplopia at the last follow-up visit. CONCLUSIONS: Slanted lateral rectus recession is an effective surgical method for reducing distance and near exodeviation and near-distance deviation difference in intermittent exotropia with convergence insufficiency.

Parapapillary Deep-Layer Microvasculature Dropout and Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A)-derived parapapillary deep-layer microvasculature dropout and glaucomatous visual field (VF) progression. DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study. METHODS: A total of 138 eyes of 138 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (mean follow-up, 5.5 years) and with ≥5 VFs prior to OCT-A imaging were included. VF progression was defined as either a Guided Progression Analysis-based "likely progression" event or a significant VF index (VFI) slope. Microvasculature dropout was defined as parapapillary deep-layer microvasculature dropout based on a qualitative analysis of OCT-A. Prevalence of dropout was compared between eyes with and without VF progression. RESULTS: Fifty-five eyes (39.9%) demonstrated VF progression. A higher proportion of eyes with dropout progressed than those without dropout (50/84 eyes [59.5%] vs 5/54 eyes [9.3%]; P < .001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, mean and standard deviation intraocular pressure, optic disc hemorrhage, focal lamina cribrosa defect, and dropout were significantly associated with prior VF progression (P < .05). The VFI progression rate was significantly faster in eyes with dropout than in those without dropout (-2.23% ± 3.22%/year vs -0.05% ± 1.24%/year, respectively; P < .001), and the location of dropout and VF progression were spatially correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with parapapillary deep-layer microvasculature dropout detected by OCT-A had a significantly higher rate of VF progression than eyes without dropout. These findings implicate dropout as a structural parameter suggestive of past glaucomatous VF progression. Further prospective longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the role of deep-layer microvasculature damage in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.